vitamin
Vitamin E
Fat-soluble antioxidant protecting cell membranes.
What It Does
Vitamin E helps limit oxidative stress in lipid-rich tissues.
It interacts with other antioxidants and fat metabolism pathways.
Who Needs It Most
| Demographic | Target Intake | Upper Limit |
|---|---|---|
| all, smoker | 15 mg (22.4 IU) | 1000 mg |
| female, perimenopause, postmenopause | 15 mg | 1000 mg |
| male, ttc | 15 mg (400 IU) | 1000 mg |
Signs of Deficiency
- Neuromuscular problems (severe deficiency)
- Immune dysfunction
Best Food Sources
Sunflower seeds
High
Almonds
Moderate
Vegetable oils
Moderate
Supplement Guide
Best forms: Mixed tocopherols, d-alpha tocopherol
What to look for: Avoid unnecessary high-dose chronic use
What to avoid: High doses with bleeding risk medications without guidance
Timing: With a fat-containing meal.
Who Should Avoid It
High-dose use (>400 IU/day)
Higher-dose supplemental vitamin E has shown risk signals in some mortality meta-analyses.
Source: Meta-analysis
The Research
PubMed citations are temporarily unavailable.
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